Understanding Taxation Of Returns On Property Holdings Essay

Understanding taxation of returns on property holdings is necessary before entering and investing in Australian market. A comprehensive study of the government regulations and the existing tax structure will help individuals and corporate in making informed choice about investing in the precarious housing market. Australia, officially the commonwealth of Australia is a country comprising six states, namely, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. To govern these states, the federal system is divided into three broad categories which are Federal government, state government and local government. The Federal government has the power to make the laws for all Australian Territories. Specific areas of legislative power are given to the federal government which includes taxation, defense, foreign affairs and postal and telecommunications services. The state government is permitted to pass laws related to any matter that is not controlled by the Commonwealth under Section 51 of the Australian Constitution . Some of the key responsibilities handled by the state government are -Agriculture, Education, Electricity and gas supply, health, housing, public transportation and law and order. Local government also known as local councils, handle community needs like waste collection, public recreational facilities and town planning. The State government oversees the work and responsibility of the local government and decides whatShow MoreRelatedNozicks Argument Against Redistributive Taxation1621 Words   |  7 Pagesof the owner of the holdings. He mentions here that the only State that is justified in carrying out any duties is the ‘minimal state.’ The minimal State is one that is only limited to the enforcement of of contracts and protection of individuals, etc. Any more intervention from the State, according to Nozick, is a violation of right against the people. The purpose of this essay is to examine Nozick’s argument against redistributive taxation to prove that eliminating taxation means getting rid ofRead MoreTaxation and the High Net Worth Individual1214 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategies in order to address the risk in their portfolios or to e arn extra income (like in a covered write). Typically, the wealth of a high net worth individual is not entirely locked up in the investment portfolio either there can be things like art, property, or businesses that form part of the individuals total net worth. As well, more exotic instruments might be utilized as well, for example emerging market debt, foreign sovereign debt, exchange traded funds, commodities and currencies, futures andRead MoreHow Income And Its Impact On Financial Reporting1046 Words   |  5 Pagestopic Effectively managing a company is exclusively important for executives to understand both U.S general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that govern financial reporting and tax implications of transactions. Corporations with a better understanding of Internal Revenue Code are able to deduct their tax expenses to the government, which will result in more cash to pursue profitable business opportunities. Since the GAAP and IRC differ from each other in objectives, many differences exist betweenRead MoreTX2 exam7040 Words   |  29 PagesCGA-CANADA ADVANCED PERSONAL CORPORATE TAXATION [TX2] EXAMINATION June 2009 Marks Time: 4 Hours Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 20 This examination is based on the Canadian Income Tax Act (ITA) and its Regulations consolidated to July 2008. To clarify your answers, you may reference them to the applicable provisions of the ITA and its Regulations (except for Question 1, which is a multiple-choice question). Round all calculations to the nearest dollar. All calculations must be shown inRead MoreEssay Summary : Why Give Your Estate Property?1739 Words   |  7 PagesWhy give Your Estate Property? Obviously, most Americans dont have a substantial estate portfolio. However, a lot of them can enjoy huge budgetary advantage and as well give a beneficent advantage to the public. One of the favorable circumstances to the giver is that the amount of the duty deduction is dictated by the present market estimation of the property, rather than the cost of the property when it was bought (Moreover, by giving a property as an alternative to offering it for sale, a donorRead MoreChapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law1861 Words   |  8 Pages543 Chapter 1 Introduction to Federal Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax Law TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS—CHAPTER 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. The majority of dollars collected by the U.S. government come by way of corporate taxation. Prior to the Sixteenth Amendment direct taxes were illegal. All U.S. taxes are based on an individual’s income. Customs taxes are imposed on exports toRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesas a small business corporation and a subsequent sale of shares would be entitled to the Buckwold and Kitunen, Canadian Income Taxation, 2012-2013 Ed. Solutions Manual Page C-1 Copyright  © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. capital gain deduction of $750,000. Although Court will be subject to further taxation when dividends are paid to him from the corporation, double taxation will not occur to the extent that income consists of business income below $500,000 annually or investment income. This resultsRead More Locke On Distribution Essay3207 Words   |  13 Pageson who you talk to), widely debated, or caused more controversy than the old Oxford gradÕs theory of property. Some are shouting from the left that Locke argues a rights claim for subsistence for all individuals, that it may even support MarxÕs theory of exploitation. Yelling back are those from the right who claim that he formulates a moral justification for capitalist appropriation of property. Then of course there are those somewhere in between who are telling everyone to shut up because LockeRead MoreTransfer Pricing20501 Words   |  83 Pagestax law its sources 3. Brief history of International Tax Law 4. Who gets the pie? 5. Arm s length principle : Cornerstone of International Tax Law 6. Transfer pricing methods 7. Problems with of source taxation of MNE s 8. Internet e-commerce : Achilles heel of current International taxation regime? 9. Formulary Apportionment (FA) 10. Existing uses of Formulary Apportionment systems in the world 11. Developing countries Formulary Apportionment 12. Critique of Formulary Apportionment 13. TransferRead MoreTexas Cpa Exams Requirements2814 Words   |  12 PagesEngagement Acceptance and Understanding the Assignment (12% - 16%). * For example, the topics include determine nature and scope of engagement, consider the firm’s policies and procedures pertaining to client acceptance and continuance, establish an understanding with the client and document the understanding through an engagement letter, and identify matters related to planning and prepare documentation for communications with those charged with governance. * Understanding the Entity and Its

The Need For Sleep - 1190 Words

The need for sleep is one of the strongest biological urges we have. One of the few that we really can’t control. And the fact is, we can die faster from sleep deprivation than food deprivation. Even though the average person will sleep for 25 years of their lives, there is no scientific consensus as to why exactly we do it. One thing we know for sure is that our brains definitely think that sleep is important. Deep in the hypothalamus, the tiny nut sized region at the base of the brain, there is a little cluster of cells that act like a timer called, the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. When we are exposed to light, this little cluster busily releases awake hormones like cortisol, and suppresses the release of sleepy hormones like melatonin. When it’s dark, it does the opposite. A second trigger for sleep is believed to be the build up of the compound adenosine in the brain. Adenosine is a by product of the neutrons and other cells when they burn up adenosine triphosphate, th e main molecule that our bodies use to store energy. Research suggests that when a bunch of left over adenosine accumulates in the brain we get sleepy. Caffeine works by bonding to the same receptors as adenosine and tricking the body into thinking it’s not tired. But when we do sleep, those adenosine levels drop as it’s gradually reabsorbed by the neurons. This is why we feel rested when we wake up for the most part. Although there are a lot of theories out there of why we sleep, there isn’t one singleShow MoreRelatedDo We Need Sleep?1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthe brain during sleep? Nerve-signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, control whether we are asleep or awake by acting on different groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain. Neurons in the brainstem, which connects the brain with the spinal cord, produce neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake (http://www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm). So why do we need sleep? Sleep is important toRead MoreEssay on Who Needs Sleep?1546 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States 40% of car accidents are linked to lack of sleep (Souza). Sleep deprivation is a serious problem; people do not seem to care about or pay attention too. Everyone needs sleep; it is the mind and body’s natural way of restoring itself from a day’s work. There are four stages of sleep and according to The Better Sleep Council the first stage is when the mind is relaxing, and the eyes close. It is easy to wake someone during this stage, and people often feel like they are fallingRead MoreWhy We Need Sleep1376 Words   |  6 PagesWe Need Sleep Sleep is a very important aspect of our lives and people rely on it to re-energize them so they can continue onto the next day. Although sleep is thought to conserve energy it actually drains your metabolism by 5-10%. However, sleep is very beneficial to humans. Sleeping progresses the bodies’ growth and rejuvenates the immune, skeletal, nervous and muscular systems. Sleep also improves short-term memory, mood, efficiency, concentration, and it is actually believed that sleep alsoRead MoreDo Teens Need Sleep?1450 Words   |  6 Pages Teens Need Sleep â€Å"For better teen health, push the snooze button on school start times† (Ornes). There are many risks connected to starting school too early that go from health risks to far more things. Even though changing school start times may be costly schools should start later because moving back start times would increase academic performance, lessen health problems , and reduce safety risks. The average start time of schools is 8:03 A.M (Wheaton, Ferro, and Croft 810). 8:03Read MoreStudent Sleep : Adjusting And Their Needs2175 Words   |  9 PagesStudent Sleep: Adjusting to Their Needs No teenager enjoys awakening to the sound of a noisy and annoying alarm clock. Rising from bed at five or six a.m. with heavy eyes and stumbling to the shower is no way to start the school day, especially when having worked on homework until 11 or 12 p.m. Half asleep, high school students pour their cereal, eating and thinking like zombies. Even as they make it out the door, the sun is still down and the sky is still dark. Thankfully, once the studentsRead MoreThe Human Body And Body Needs Sleep835 Words   |  4 PagesTo Sleep. Everyone knows the human body needs sleep. For some people, sleep is what they enjoy most, but why do human beings need sleep? Why is the urge to collapse into the warm safety of our beds so tempting? Why are we so grumpy when we don’t get enough sleep? Sleeping isn’t only relaxing but it is also helpful to your brain and body. â€Å"We have to sleep because it is essential to maintaining normal levels of cognitive skills such as speech, memory, innovative and flexible thinking. Sleep alsoRead MoreWhy Do We Need Sleep?1713 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Do We Need Sleep? Typed By: Miracle Taylor Regulating sleep is something our bodies do that is as natural as eating, drinking, and breathing. This implies that sleeping serves a similar role in our health and well being. Even though it is difficult to answer the question â€Å"Why do we need sleep?† scientists have developed several theories that may explain why we spend a third of our lives sleeping. Comprehending these theories can help expand our appreciation of the functionRead MoreSleep Disorders : Needs Assessment And Rationale1367 Words   |  6 PagesNeeds Assessment and Rationale While there are several sleep disorders that can cause an individual to experience the effects of insufficient sleep, insomnia is one of the more common culprits. It is characterized by consistent troubles falling and staying asleep, as well as untimely early rising and an overall sense of subpar sleep quality. These night time symptoms consequently translate to excessive daytime fatigue, a reduced ability to focus and functional impairment (Stanford Medicine, 2011)Read MoreStudents Are Not Getting The Proper Sleep They Need1272 Words   |  6 PagesStudents are not getting the proper sleep they need. School start times around the nation begin at around eight in the morning. If students need to balance a large load of after school activities, these early start times may be difficult for some to adjust on. The patterns of teenager’s lives keep them up anyway and make them need to sleep later into the morning. Therefore, High schools need to start at least 30 minutes later in t he day to help students, schools and society. If schools started thirtyRead MoreWhat Is Sleep And Why Do You Need It? Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages12-6-16 P2 What is sleep and why do you need it? People have many different theories of why we need it but if we don’t sleep how can it hurt us. Many people can be affected by different amounts of sleep. So how can you get better sleep or even just less without feeling the effects or tiredness. So how can sleep really affect your mood? Sleep has been linked to many different theories of why we sleep. One of the first ever Theron s the inactivity theory, this describes sleep as protection from

Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Answer: Introduction Toyota is a multinational company in Japan, they are known as one of the largest manufacturers in automobile sector who sells over 7.5 million models in continents. Toyota has created distinctive set of values and principles that have been rooted in constructive years in japan. Toyota in Australia being a subsidiary markets various Toyota products and advertise them manages business operations and motorsports in Australia. They have announced that they have become a national distribution and sales company by the end of 2017. Their strength and weakness lies in the strong market positioning and their wide spread distribution channels on the other hand their product recalling affected brand image also the poor allocation of resources lead to few losses. . The competitive advantage of Toyota in home country as well as Australia is been discussed here under and how they operate in Australia. This company is in the mature stage of its industry life cycle (Anon, 2017). Toyotas operations in Japan Toyota is one of the renowned industry leader in manufacturing. Their operating system is an integrated socio-technical, they manufacture and organize logistics for automobile manufacturers which include suppliers and customers. Their approach is built on Just-in-time production which was created by the founder of Toyota. This approach helps to eliminate waste and design in a way that it lessens the burden and the inconsistency to achieve the smooth system of delivering the expected outcomes. Just-in-time explains everything clearly that company should make what is needed at the time and the fixed amount which is needed at that moment only. An another operating system of Toyota is Jidoka and it is used in Toyota production system to automate but with a human touch, it simply means an automation which require human to operate but work is done in automation (Toyota Australia, 2017). The automation help rapid detection of any mistake and their correction in the particular process where it occurred and in this way it ease the process of the workers need to judge the operation whether it works normal. Sometimes one has to wait for the final product and it is not sure that product will come out as expected there are always the chances of occurrence of defective products. Automation help them to detect any defect at an earlier stage only (Kumar et al., 2013). Toyota operates in Australia in a different way as compare to its home country. It has become the largest vehicle exporter who is shipping more than to 13 markets overseas. Toyota has been more simplified and got a manageable environment in Australia which has reduced the requirement of remote support. The operation system in Australia has given the company a flexibility to respond in market and enable them to achieve profits by reducing costs through various planned activities for longer term plans. As Australia is about customer-oriented mind set so the approach of just-in-time does not work here exactly the same it does in Japan. It has transformed its operating system from heterogeneous to consolidated one. One of the benefit they get in Australias operating system is their cost of service has been substantially reduced in order to improve the cost of ownership. The customers in Australia are about the design of cars rather than its functions, they are after customization in this way the improvisation and modernization has been made in end-user experience which ultimately lead to another level of success in operations in Australia. It also provides seeks to improve their processes. They form manufacturing strategies effectively in regard to design flexible and efficient processes that allow them to standardize their products keeping in mind the customers requirements (Rothaermel, 2016). Competitive advantage in Japan In spite of poor resources in Japan, Japanese companies have managed to use scarce resources in a way and adapt successfully in the global competition including geographical factors which affects the success of a company at both national and corporate level. Toyotas philosophy is about continuous improvement in their operation processes and adopt VRIO framework where this organization has acquired attributes and combinations of different attributes which will allow Toyota to perform the best from its competitors (Hines, 2016). VRIO framework helps in determining the competitive potential, values, rarity which enables the company to improve its overall efficiency by organizing its planning for the usage of resources. The competitive advantage of Toyota consists the characteristics of detecting problem at earlier stages and solving them by making continuous improvements (Laszlo, 2017). In Japan they have adopted radical redesign of their business processes, provide time to time employe e training so that quality can be maintained and keep them updated about the latest technologies. The success is mainly depend upon how the processes work in the alignment of particular objectives, Toyota has implemented few efficient strategies and invented Just-in-time approach, inventory strategy by synchronizing their processes towards lean production which make sure it eliminates waste produced in varied areas of production. There objectives are clear saying automation would require less human effort, just-in-time require less amount of time to deliver products by reducing the in-process stock or inventory and it shows high responsiveness towards customers (Hatch, 2015). Competitive advantage in Australia Toyotas competitive advantage in Australia is innovation, the key to survive in market for a long term prosperity. The hi-tech and innovative products are the factors which would help a company to survive and grow (Fujitsu.com, 2017). They develop the leading-edge technologies to innovate and make lighter material or customize as per consumers requirement. It can be said that it is more about customer centric strategy that they adopted because Australia has got high level of education and their research and development base are their strength which can be utilized in ways to enhance the functionalities of products to compete with other automobile companies. The continuous improvisation in their product lines gives them an advantage of highly efficient production and attract brand positioning in market. Their strategy is to chase new markets in order to spread all over to survive for long they have got ample of natural resources and added to the fact the innovation allow them to use w isely the natural resources which tends to make lighter material (Barney, 2014). References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/tnkomo/files/analysis_of_toyota.pdf [Accessed 12 Oct. 2017]. Barney, J.B., 2014. Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Fujitsu.com. (2017). Toyota Australia Transforms End User Computing With Fujitsu - Fujitsu Global. [online] Available at: https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/case-studies/030414-cs-toyota-australia.html [Accessed 12 Oct. 2017]. Hatch, N.W. and Howland, C., 2015, January. When Does Competitive Advantage Improve Customer Welfare?. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 18091). Academy of Management. Hines, P., 2016. Toyota supplier system in Japan and the UK. In Developments in Logistics and Supply Chain Management (pp. 113-124). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Kumar, V., Jones, E., Venkatesan, R. and Leone, R.P., 2013, May. Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing?. American Marketing Association. Laszlo, C. and Zhexembayeva, N., 2017. Embedded sustainability: The next big competitive advantage. Routledge. Rothaermel, F.T., 2016. Competitive Advantage in Technology Intensive Industries. In Technological Innovation: Generating Economic Results (pp. 233-256). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Technology, M. (2017). Manufacturing Innovation: Lessons from the Japanese Auto Industry. [online] MIT Sloan Management Review. Available at: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/manufacturing-innovation-lessons-from-the-japanese-auto-industry/ [Accessed 12 Oct. 2017]. Toyota Australia. (2017). Toyota Production System. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota.com.au/toyota/company/operations/toyota-production-system [Accessed 12 Oct. 2017].

To Homer by John Keats free essay sample

Within the Mythological Criticism approach, Keats illustrates the use of different archetypes, including the archetype character; example of this is illustrated in the verse So thou wast blind! – but then the veil was rent, we can infer that the author wants to make certain allusion to the Greek Poet Homer, who was blind and was known in his time as a figure of reality and legend, author of the Great Epics The Iliad and The Odyssey. (VIII century BC). On the other hand, Keats mentions various gods of Greek Mythology, example we have: For Jove (Zeus Jupiter) uncurtained Heaven to let thee live,; And Neptune made for thee a spumy tent, and â€Å"And Pan made sing for thee his forest-hive†; these three lines the author may want to express the kindness and protection that Homer should have them on Earth, Heaven and the Sea and the fear of unconsciousness. These are examples of the different Mythic Archetypes in the Poem. We will write a custom essay sample on To Homer by John Keats or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, we can infer that the author refers to a situational archetype To visit dolphin-coral in deep seas, as an allusion to the beauty of the deep sea and the golden fish, popularly called the dolphin. Within the poem is also identified a symbolic archetype darkness / light, this archetype describes symbolic polarity between life and death Aye, on the shores of darkness there is light. The poem can be considered as an apostrophe devoted to the absence and disappearance of the poet Homer, we can also qualify it as a praise or prayer to Homer, who was one of the leading poets in the history of Greek Mythology

Run-on Sentences and Fragments in ACT English Grammar Rule

Run-on Sentences and Fragments in ACT English Grammar Rule SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may think that of all the grammatical concepts you will encounter on the ACT English, recognizing a correct sentence will be one of the easiest ones. But did you know that this is actually one of themost commonly-tested subjects because it can bevery tricky? Do you know what you need to have in order to have a complete sentence? Can you reliably tell the difference between a subordinate clause and an independent clause? Do you know how to use semicolons and conjunctive adverbs? Read this guide to see how the ACT manages to trick so many students with this seemingly easy concept. In this guide I will show you: What grammatically constitutes a complete sentence How prepositional phrases, appositives and relativeclauses can make sentences more difficult to understand How to recognize and fix fragments How to recognize and fix run-on sentences Strategies to attack these kinds of questions Examples of this kind of ACT question Test Yourself Can you recognize which of the following are correct sentences, and which are fragments and run-ons? My dog, Angel, barksat squirrels in the front yard. Angel, who is part greyhound and part rottweiler. After owning Angel for eight years, we got another dog, her name was Elsa. Elsa, who is a puppy, does not enjoy taking baths. Although she hated taking a bath, but she loved playing in the rain. Elsa licking Angel all over her face. Angel would become angry. Because the puppy would never leave her alone, Angel, who would growl and snap at her. At first Angel avoided her, soon she started to enjoy the puppy's presence. Answers: 1. Sentence; 2. Fragment; 3. Run-on; 4. Sentence; 5. Fragment; 6. Fragment; 7. Sentence; 8. Fragment; 9. Run-on What Is a Sentence? You may have heard in your English class that a sentence needs to have a subject and a verb. More specifically, a correct, complete sentence has to have at least oneindependent clause. The ACT will not test you on any of the grammatical terms we cover, but understanding the ideas is important. A simple sentence made of oneindependent clause has three main characteristics: A subject (a person or thing that is doing an action) A verb that is correctly conjugated to match the noun It expresses a complete thought and makes sense on its own Let's look at one of the above sentences and see if it matches this description. My dog, Angel, barksat squirrels in the front yard. The subject - the person or thing doing the action - is "dog." The verb, or action word, is "barks." The verb is correctly conjugated in the 3rd person singular to match the subject of the sentence, my dog. If you wanted to, you could get rid of the rest of the sentence and it would still technically make sense! My dog barks. There are some rare circumstances in which you will see a complete, correct sentence where you cannot as easily pick out the subject:direct commands. Stop! Help! Give me an umbrella! Though you can easily spot the action words in these sentences, it's less clear what the subject is. In commands, thesubject is always understood to be "you." This is because you are always telling someone else what to do when you give a command! This is the only time that it's ok to have a sentence without a clear subject. The ACT will rarely test this, but it's good to know just in case. You now know everything you need to know about simple sentences! But did you know that sentences can also becompound orcomplex? Let's go over these concepts next to see how the ACT might try to trick you. Compound Sentences A compound sentence is a sentence that hasmore than one independent clause - meaning two subjects and two verbs. This kind of constructioncan start to get tricky, because you have to make sure that they're joined together correctly. If they aren't, they're calledrun-on sentences.We'll discuss these more below. There are several different ways that you can join independent clauses together correctly to make a compound sentence. Join the sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction Coordinating conjunctions are probably the conjunctions you're most familiar with, includingand, but,andor.You can remember all of them with the acronym FANBOYS: F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so As an example, let's look at the following independent clauses: Ben and Kate always enjoyed eating Chinese food. They began to prefer Japanese food after traveling to Japan. Here is how you could join these two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction: Ben and Kate always enjoyed eating Chinese food, butthey began to prefer Japanese food after traveling to Japan. Remember that when using a coordinating conjunction to join two sentences, you mustalways use a comma. Join the sentences with a semicolon A semicolon is grammatically identical to a period. As such, you canjoin two sentenceswith a semicolon and nothing else. Ben and Kate always enjoyed eating Chinese food; they began to prefer Japanese food after traveling to Japan. Join the sentences with a semicolon (or period) and conjunctive adverb. There are several different conjunctive adverbs, but some of the most common ones are: however, nevertheless, therefore, moreover, and consequently. You can pair one of these words with a semicolon or a period toshow the relationship between the two sentences you are joining. Notice that the different adverbs show different relationships. However and nevertheless show a contrast. Thereforeandconsequently show a cause-and-effect relationship. Moreover adds emphasis and expand on information. Ben and Kate always enjoyed eating Chinese food; however, they began to prefer Japanese food after travelingto Japan. Remember when using this construction that you shouldalways have a commaafter the conjunctive adverb. Make one of the sentences a dependent clause We will talk more about dependent clauses in a moment, but this is how this tactic would look: Though Ben and Kate had always enjoyed eating Chinese food, they began to prefer Japanese food after traveling to Japan. Once again, note that the dependent clause is separated from the main clauseby a comma. You will also often find that you need to add a word or two when using this method in order to have the sentence make more sense, or rearrange the order of the words. Because of the many variables involved, this approachcan be one of the more difficult options for joining two sentences together. Let's look more into how dependent clauses are formed and how they are used. Sentences with Dependent Clauses So what is the difference between an independent clause and a dependent clause? Unlike independent clauses, which can stand on their own, adependent clause must be attached to an independent clause. Though dependent clauses have asubject andverb, theydon't make sense on their own. Instead, a dependent clause is usually used toexplain something about the independent clause that it is attached to.The dependent clause may tell background details about the independent clause, or where or why the independent clause is happening. Dependent clauses will begin with asubordinating conjunction that gives you a signal that it cannot stand on its own. For more on subordinating conjunctions, see this article. Although he loved his country, he moved abroad to find new opportunities. In this example, the independent clause is "he moved abroad to find new opportunities." This is able to stand on its own and makes perfect sense without any more information. In contrast, look at the dependent clause, "Although he loved his country." This gives background informationfor the independent clause that follows, butit does not make sense on its own.The reader is left wonderingwhat did he do? Remember that if you encounter a dependent clause on its own on the ACT, it will always be incorrect. I will discuss this in more detail below in the "Fragments" section. Sentences with Prepositional Phrases, Appositives, and RelativeClauses Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases can be added almost anywhere in a sentence to add more detail about how, where, or by whom something is done. You can find a list of the most common prepositions in the English language in this article.A prepositional phrase consists of (at least) a preposition and a noun that's called the object of the preposition. Let's look at some examples of how these are used: The young manin that coffee shop enjoys eating cake. (Prepositional phrase tells where man is) The young man enjoys eating cakein that coffee shop.(Prepositional phrase tells where he likes to eat cake. Remember that you should always be able to completely delete a prepositional phrase and still have a full sentence left over. If you don't, then your sentence is incorrect! The young man enjoys eating cake. CORRECT Like a dependent clause, a prepositional phrasecannot stand alone as a sentence. In that coffee shop. INCORRECT RelativeClauses Some sentences also haverelativeclauses. These clausesaren't necessary for the sentence to make sense; instead, they add extra information. Non-essential clauses will begin with arelative pronoun, such asthat, which, whoseor where.Since they'reclauses, theyshould always includeasubject and a verb. Let's look at an example: The young man, who was sitting in the cafe and eating cake, dreamed of getting a PhD. In this sentence, the subject of the relativeclause is "who." The verb is "was sitting." Relativeclauses can be completely removed from the sentence and you'll still have a complete sentence left over. The young man dreamed of getting a PhD. Note that this means that if you remove the non-essential clause and something doesn't seem right with the remaining sentence, you have a fragment on your hands! I'll discuss this more below. Appositives An appositive is a word or phrase that consists ofa noun or a pronoun and its modifiers that is placeddirectly next to another noun or pronoun that it's describing. The point of an appositive is to add more information about a noun in a sentence. Appositives should be surrounded by commas. Jeff, the young man, sat in the cafe and ate cake while he studied. In this sentence, "the young man" is an appositive fodescribing the noun "Jeff." As you may have guessed,you should be able to remove an appositive and have a complete sentence left over. Jeff sat in the cafe and ate cake while he studied. But what if you cross out an appositive, prepositional phrase, or non-essential clause, and the sentence you have doesn't seem quite right? Now that we've learned the correct ways to form sentences, let's look at some of the most common mistake sentences you will see on the ACT -fragments. What Is a Fragment? A fragment is an incomplete sentence. There are 6 main mistakes that can make a sentence a fragment: A â€Å"sentence† that lacks a verb A â€Å"sentence† that has an -ingor non-past tense -ed verb without a helping verb A â€Å"sentence† that lack a subject A â€Å"sentence† that begins with a subordinating conjunction and has no main clause A â€Å"sentence† that adds details to the main clause, but is separated from it A â€Å"sentence† that has a nonessential clause or prepositional phrase and incomplete main clause Let's look at each of these individually. Sentences That Don't Have a Verb How to recognize these fragments:ask what the subject of the sentence is doing. If you can't answer that question, it's most likely because there isn't a verb! Lewis, after driving two hundred miles.What did he do? Two pairs of trousers and three shirts.What about them? On Saturday this week.What is on Saturday? How to fix these fragments:you must add a verb to show an action or a state of being. Lewis, after driving two hundred miles,neededa drink. Hepacked two pairs of trousers and three shirts. On Saturday this weekis the wedding. Sentences with an -ing verb or non-past tense -ed verb and no helping verb How to recognize these fragments:whenever you see an â€Å"-ing† verb, or an â€Å"-ed† verb that doesn’t seem to be describing the past tense, there MUST bea helping verb with it or another verb somewhere else in the sentence. If it has neither, the sentence is a fragment. The man driving through the countryside. Lewis tired from his journey. The children watching television. There are three waysto fix these fragments:add a helping verb, or change the verb to another form if it's appropriate. The manwas driving through the countryside. OR The mandrovethrough the countryside. Lewiswas tired from his journey. The childrenwere watching television. OR The childrenwatched television. You can also fix this type of fragment byusing the -ed or -ingword as a an adjective (called a participle) and adding another verb. The mandriving through the countryside enjoyed the views. Lewis,tiredfrom his journey,slept. The childrenwatching televisionlaughed. Sentences That Lack a Subject How to recognize these fragments:ask yourself who is doing the action. You may notice that some of these examples have multiple issues, like the ones mentioned above - in that case, it's important to make sure that you have fixedall of the errors in the sentence. Parked the car.Who parked the car? Wanted to visit the historic town center.Who wanted to visit it? Thinking about buying a gift for the wedding.Who was thinking about it? To fix these fragments,add a subject and make sure the verb is present in a correct form. Lewis parked the car. He wanted to visit the historic town center. He wasthinking about buying a gift for the wedding. Dependent Clause Fragments How to recognize these fragments: the sentence has a subject and correctly conjugated verb, but begins with a subordinating conjunction and isn't attached to another main clause. The following words are common subordinating conjunctions. If the sentence begins with one of these, make sure it's attached to an independent clause. If not, it's a fragment! after although as because before ever since if in order just as since so that though unless until when whenever where whether whereas whichever while Let's look at some examples of this errors: After he parked the car. Since he wanted to go to the carnival. Becausehe was late. One way to fix these fragments is toconnect them to an independent clause. After he parked the car,he went into the hotel. Since he wanted to go to the carnival, he took a day off work. Because he was late,he missed the first part of the movie. You can also fix them bygetting rid of the subordinating conjunction.This turns them intoindependent clauses that can stand on their own. He parked the car. He wanted to go to the carnival. He was late. Added Detail Fragments How to recognize these fragments: look for words like "such as," "including," and "for example" that start a sentence, but explain something in a previous sentence.If this kind of constructionisn't attached to an independent clause with asubjectand averb, then it's a fragment. He likes exploring new places.Such asold towns and big cities. She likes a lot of different kinds of movies.For example,horror and comedy. I know many different dances, such as: the salsa, the polka, and the waltz. In orderto fix these fragments,add the detail fragment to the main sentence it is describing. He likes exploring new places, such as old towns and big cities. You can also turn the fragment into a complete sentence by adding a subject and a verb: She likes a lot of different kinds of movies. For example, she enjoys both horror and comedies. Finally,make sure that anything that comes before a colon can stand on its own as a sentence: I know many different dances:the salsa, the polka, and the waltz. Non-essential clause, appositive, or prepositional phrase fragments How to recognize these fragments:cross out the non-essential clause, prepositional phrase, or appositive.Do you have a complete sentence left over? If not, you have afragment. James,my cousin.→James, my cousin. MISSING VERB On my head.→ On my head. MISSING SUBJECT AND VERB. The girl, who was the best artist in the class.→ The girl, who was the best artist in the class. MISSING VERB Julia, my younger sister.→ Julia, my younger sister. MISSING VERB How to fix these fragments: Add a subject or verb as needed. Make sure that if you eliminate the prepositional phrase or non-essential clause, that there is a complete sentence left. James, my cousin, ate the whole pie.→ James, my cousin, ate the whole pie. CORRECT The bird sat on my head.→ The bird sat on my head. CORRECT The girl, who was the best artist in the class, won another award.→ The girl, who was the best artist in the class, won another award. CORRECT Julia, my younger sister,lives in Idaho.→ Julia, my younger sister, lives in Idaho. CORRECT What Is a Run-on? A run-on is when two or more sentences run together and are not separated by the correct punctuation. There are three main types of run-ons: Comma splices Fused sentences Sentences joined by a conjunctive adverb and commas Comma Splices A comma splice is when two complete independent clauses (full sentences) have been joined together by a comma and nothing else. A comma can never join together two complete sentences on its own. He had worked for the government for several years, he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. How to recognize these run-ons: when you see a sentence with a comma in the middle, check to see if there is a coordinating conjunction (see this article for more info) that joins the sentences together, or if one of the clauses is a subordinate clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction. If not, the sentence is a run-on. Fused sentences A fused sentence is when two or more sentences run right into each other, with no punctuation at all. He had worked for the government for several years he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. How to recognize these run-ons: look to see if you have two unconnected subjects and verbs, with no indication of more than one independent clause (see above the correct ways to join two independent clauses). Conjunctive adverb and a comma The final type of run-on is a bit trickier. Conjunctive adverbs are used with periods or semicolons to connect two independent clauses, so if they're paired with two commas instead, it creates a run-on: He had worked for the government for several years, however, now he wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. However, conjunctive adverbs that are connecting two complete sentences punctuated with a period or semicolon are sometimes moved into a sentence. This is perfectly acceptable: He had worked for the government for several years. Now, however, he wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. How to recognize these run-ons: when you see a conjunctive adverb (however, moreover, nevertheless, therefore, consequently, etc.) withcommas on either side of it,make sure it's being used to transition from a previous sentence and not to connect two independent clauses. To fix run-ons ...you will need to use the rules outlined in the first sectionto correctly join two sentences. #1: Create two separate sentences. He had worked for the government for several years. He now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. #2: Use a comma and a FANBOYSconjunction He had worked for the government for several years, but he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. #3: Use a semicolon Remember that a semicolonis grammatically identical to a period -this concept is something the ACT tests a lot. He had worked for the government for several years; he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. #4: Use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb He had worked for the government for several years; however, he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. #5: Make one of the clauses dependent Althoughhe had worked for the government for several years, he now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. #6: If the two clauses have the same subject, re-write as a sentence with one subject and two verbs. Note that when you fix a sentence this way, you should notuse a comma with your FANBOYS conjunction. He had worked for the government for several years but now wanted to try a job in a small start-up company. Specific Strategies for Fragment and Run-onQuestions As you're reading through the different passages on ACT English, if you come across a question that you think may be about fragments or run-ons,use the following steps: Step 1 Carefully read the prompt if there is one. Sometimes the ACT will ask you to correct an error, and other times they will ask you to find the only answer that does NOT work. Step 2 After reading the sentence, does a mistake jump out at you? If not, look for the following telltale signs of a fragment or run-on: -ed or -ing verbs. Check for appropriate helping verbs. Clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction. Check if it is connected to a main clause. A separate sentence describing a previous sentence, with words like â€Å"for example.† Conjunctive adverbs like â€Å"however† surrounded by commas A semicolon followed by a FANBOYSconjunction A single comma in the middle of the sentence - often a sign of comma splice According to the ACT, not all mistakes are created equal.There are a few concepts they like to test more than others, andthey have some obvious markers. If the underlined section has acolon or semicolon, be on the lookout for afragment on either side. If the underlined section has acomma, it will very likely be acomma splice. Immediately cross out any answer choices that make the above errors. Step 3 If you are still uncertain about the correct answer: you can immediately eliminate anything that is grammatically identical. For example, a semicolon (;) is grammatically identical to a period and a new sentence. If one is incorrect, they will both be incorrect. Step 4 Select a final answer choice that follows the above rules and also follows the standard style rules used on ACT English: #1: No unnecessary prepositions or articles#2: Pronouns must have clear antecedents#3: Use fewer gerunds and participles if possible#4: No dangling or misplaced modifiers#5: No unnecessary commas#6: Choose the most concise option that is also grammatically correct. Old school...literally Let’s try one together†¦ Benjamin’s grandmother taught him to read, and he attended a one-room Quaker school when the farmwork slowed down during the winter. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would NOT be acceptable? read; he read, and he also read he read. He From reading the prompt, I can see that the given sentence is correct as is, and so are three of the answer choices. This is a â€Å"backwards† question that asks us to find the only incorrect answer instead of the only correct one. I can see that there is a comma in the underlined portion, so I need to see how it’s being used. It’s pretty obvious that the comma is being used together with the FANBOYS conjunction â€Å"and." This is one of the correct ways of joining two independent clauses, as detailed above. From double checking I can see that I have two independent clauses with their own subjects and verbs: â€Å"Benjamin’s grandmother taught him to read† and â€Å"he attended a one-room Quaker school when the farmwork slowed down during the winter.† So which of the answer options also show correct ways to join two independent clauses? (A) has the independent clauses joined by a semicolon on its own. This is a correct way to join two independent clauses, so (A) is not the answer. (B) joins the two independent clauses together in the same way that the original sentence does, with a comma and a FANBOYS conjunction. The only thing that is different is that it adds an extra adverb, â€Å"also," which is unnecessary but not incorrect. (C) does not do anything to join the two clauses together - this is a classic example of a â€Å"fused† run-on sentence. Therefore, (C) is the correct answer as it is the only option that does not join the clauses together correctly. But what if you aren’t sure? Just to check†¦ (D) separates the two independent clauses with a period, which is another correct way of dividing two independent clauses, so (D) is not the answer. Now time to try some on your own! Practice ACT Questions 1. Joe realized the extent of the problem when his manager, Diane Watson, who had collated the material from the committee members present at the conference, began muttering, "It's all over now," this made him worry. NO CHANGE now" that now." This now," 2. The product manufacturer begins by creating a flexible steel grate. Across each opening, a wire mesh, evenly perforated, able to accommodate exactly one hook. NO CHANGE perforated, by being able perforated, which is able perforated, is able 3. It is a tribal dance that performed at weddings, births, and funerals. NO CHANGE dance in which it is performed dance, performing dance, performed 4. Around this time, the Glagolitic alphabet introduced by St. Cyril; became further integrated into the culture. NO CHANGE St. Cyril St. Cyril: St. Cyril, 5. To ensure the safetyof the drug, the pharmaceutical company had it tested in several trials, however, they found no evidence of averse side effects. NO CHANGE which who he 6. Peter the Great, who founded St. Petersburg to be Russia's "window to the West" and indirectly named the city after himself. NO CHANGE West," indirectly naming West," indirectly named West" and Answers: 1. C; 2. D; 3. D; 4. B; 5. B; 6. C What’s Next? Now that you’ve mastered one of the trickiest concepts on ACT English, time to check out some others! Read about how the ACT will test you on pronoun agreement, punctuation, and wordiness and redundancy. Need to review some of the basics before moving forward? Brush up on the fundamentals of grammar with our parts of speech guide. Want to make sure you have the right method of attack for this section? Read our guide about the best way to approach ACT English questions. Aiming high? Read this article for top tips for a 36 on ACT English from a perfect scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights

Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights The aurora borealis, also called the Northern Lights, is a multi-colored brilliant light show in the Earths atmosphere that is caused by the collision of gas particles in the Earths atmosphere with charged electrons from the suns atmosphere. The aurora borealis is most often viewed at high latitudes close to the magnetic north pole but during times of maximum activity, they can be viewed very far south of the Arctic Circle. Maximum auroral activity is rare however and the aurora borealis is normally only seen in or near the Arctic Circle in places like Alaska, Canada, and Norway. In addition to the aurora borealis in the northern hemisphere there is also the aurora australis, sometimes called the Southern Lights, in the southern hemisphere. The aurora australis is created the same way as the aurora borealis and it has the same appearance of dancing, colored lights in the sky. The best time to view the aurora australis is from March to September because the Antarctic Circle experiences the most darkness during this period. The aurora australis is not seen as often as the aurora borealis because they are more concentrated around Antarctica and the southern Indian Ocean. How the Aurora Borealis Works The aurora borealis is a beautiful and fascinating occurrence in the Earths atmosphere but its colorful patterns begin with the sun. It occurs when highly charged particles from the suns atmosphere move into the Earths atmosphere via the solar wind. For reference, the solar wind is a stream of electrons and protons made of plasma that flow away from the sun and into the solar system at around 560 miles per second (900 kilometers per second) (Qualitative Reasoning Group). As the solar wind and its charged particles enter the Earths atmosphere they are pulled toward the Earths poles by its magnetic force. While moving through the atmosphere the suns charged particles collide with the oxygen and nitrogen atoms found in the Earths atmosphere and the reaction of this collision forms the aurora borealis. The collisions between the atoms and charged particles occur around 20 to 200 miles (32 to 322 km) above the Earths surface and it is the altitude and type of atom involved in the collision that determines the color of the aurora (How Stuff Works). The following is a list of what causes the different auroral colors and it was obtained from How Stuff Works: Red - oxygen, over 150 miles (241 km) above the Earths surfaceGreen - oxygen, up to 150 miles (241 km) above the Earths surfacePurple/violet - nitrogen, over 60 miles (96 km) above the Earths surfaceBlue - nitrogen, up to 60 miles (96 km) above the Earths surface According to the Northern Lights Centre, green is the most common color for the aurora borealis, while red is the least common. In addition to the lights being these various colors, they also appear to flow, form various shapes and dance in the sky. This is because the collisions between the atoms and the charged particles are constantly shifting along the magnetic currents of the Earths atmosphere and the reactions of these collisions follow the currents. Predicting the Aurora Borealis Today modern technology allows scientists to predict the strength of the aurora borealis because they can monitor the strength of the solar wind. If the solar wind is strong auroral activity will be high because more charged particles from the suns atmosphere will move into the Earths atmosphere and react with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Higher auroral activity means that the aurora borealis can be seen over larger areas of the Earths surface. Predictions for the aurora borealis are shown as daily forecasts similar to weather. An interesting forecasting center is provided by the University of Alaska, Fairbanks Geophysical Institute. These forecasts predict the most active locations for the aurora borealis for a specific time and give a range showing the strength of auroral activity. The range begins at 0 which is minimal auroral activity that is only viewed at latitudes above the Arctic Circle. This range ends at 9 which is maximum auroral activity and during these rare times, the aurora borealis can be seen at latitudes much lower than the Arctic Circle. The peak of auroral activity typically follows an eleven-year sunspot cycle. During times of sunspots, the sun has very intense magnetic activity and the solar wind is very strong. As a result, the aurora borealis is also normally very strong at these times. According to this cycle, the peaks for auroral activity should occur in 2013 and 2024. Winter is usually the best time to view the aurora borealis because there are long periods of darkness above the Arctic Circle as well as many clear nights. For those interested in viewing the aurora borealis there are some places that are best for viewing them frequently because they offer long periods of darkness during the winter, clear skies and low light pollution. These locations include places like Denali National Park in Alaska, Yellowknife in Canadas Northwest Territories and Tromsà ¸, Norway. Importance of the Aurora Borealis The aurora borealis has been written about and studied for as long as people have been living in and exploring the polar regions and as such, they have been important to people since ancient times and possibly earlier. For example, many ancient myths talk about the mysterious lights in the sky and some medieval civilizations feared them as they believed that lights were a sign of impending war and/or famine. Other civilizations believed the aurora borealis was the spirit of their people, great hunters and animals like salmon, deer, seals, and whales (Northern Lights Centre). Today the aurora borealis is recognized as an important natural phenomenon and every winter people venture into northern latitudes to watch it and some scientists devote much of their time to studying it. The aurora borealis is also considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.

Review of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle - Essay Example Multiple jobs, and long hours "And, for this, at the end of the week, he will carry home three dollars to his family, being his pay at the rate of five cents per hour-just about his proper share of the million and three quarters of children who are now engaged in earning their livings in the United States." (85). His wife and children are forced to find jobs of their own. They continue to barely survive. These initial American experiences take their toll on the Rudkus family, and they lose the hope they brought with them from Lithuania. Jurgis and his family learn that hard way that justice dos not exist in a capitalist society where only corruption is rewarded. The trials of the Rudkus family continue. Jurgis is injured at his work and is forced to spend two months healing. When he returns to work he has been replaced and finds work at a glue factory. Bills continues to pile up, his wife is expecting another child, and he to drinks. The family continues to spiral into poverty as Jur gis learns that his wife was forced to sleep with her boss. This symbolizes and demonstrates Sinclair sole message with in the novel - corrupt and merciless capitalists are screwing over immigrant families. Jurgis seeks his revenge an confronts the man who raped his wife.

The religious factors that led to the clash between Native Americans Essay

The religious factors that led to the clash between Native Americans and early Euro-American settlers - Essay Example However, not everything in the Native American/White relations was entirely gruesome. Oppression and conflicts with white people turned Native Americans into a nation with remarkable adaptation potential. The development and change touched all the areas including culture and religion. As a result, while European colonialism was pushing Native American populations westwards, the latter were developing the degree of flexibility, adaptability and cohesion that had been unknown to native populations before 1607. The difference between the frontier line of America and the frontier line of other countries is the following: the other countries knew their boundaries and they knew which countries were beyond these boundaries. The North America frontier underlined the unknown land beyond it. In accordance with Calloway: â€Å"†¦fertile valleys, meeting friendly people bedecked in turquoise, and hearing wondrous accounts of the towns to be found in the north† (p. 133). As far as we can see, the diversity of the North frontier is evident. The nature of the diversity can be found in the first settlers’ necessity to deal with natural challenges and remain self-sufficient. Indian cultures are really unique and peculiar in America. Some Indian tribes have survived, although other tribes have been vanished and completely destroyed. Many of them continued their traditional cultures, while others fully lost their cultures and communities. The history of American Indians in their relationship with Americans is full of brutality and intent destruction and discrimination. (Erchack 1992) Some scientists mention that the history of American Indians is something similar to labyrinth of different opinions and ideas. Indians resides from the cold regions of the Intuit in northern Alaska to the Yahgan. Many Americans consider Indian Americans as noble savages. It became an

Implementation of Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Implementation of Supply Chain Management Essay Supply chain management is an oversight of processes when moving goods from the stage of customer order to the raw material stage and it includes the supply, production and distribution of products to the customer. Every organization has supply chain of different levels, depending upon their size and type of product they are manufacturing. Their aim is to provide the customer with enough information necessary to give the value that they demand and to gain the information regarding the customer too. The ultimate goal for any supply chain management is to reduce its inventory. For a successful supply chain, software systems are provided with web interfaces to provide the customer with enough information they demand. Hershey Foods Corporation and NIKE inc. are both very renowned organizations, one known for its food products and the other for athletic footwear, equipment and accessories for sports and fitness activities. Both of these organizations adopted supply chain management systems in order to lower down their inventories and to increase their profit. But both of them failed in achieving their objective which was to reduce the inventories. The main mistake made by Hershey Food Corporation was, that they hired a supply chain system costing $112 million from SAP AG, Manugistics, and Siebel systems. The supply chain system was supposed to put in data of everything from production to delivery. But getting software from three different providers created unpredicted delays and complex problems in implementation. Also, another mistake made by the organization was that they implemented the whole system at once instead of in stages. So therefore they faced problems in placing the orders and then executing them to warehouse for fulfillment. The problem faced by NIKE, inc. was a bit more complex, as said by 12 technologies marketing Chief Katrina Roche â€Å"NIKE problems were not tied to the software but to the way the software was installed. † (Sridharan, Caines, Patterson, 2005) Moreover he says that his company accepts the responsibility for â€Å"not being more aggressive in telling them that they needed to follow our implementation methodology. † (Sridharan, Caines, Patterson, 2005) 12 technologies wanted to track each and every little product of NIKE which made the job more complex and therefore it took their time more than they had expected. The NIKE people made the same mistake as Hershey foods, that they implemented the system before they were ready to execute it. (Sridharan, Caines, Patterson, 2005) So overall at initial stage supply chain systems were a bad experience for Hershey Foods and NIKE, Inc. There are certain things which if the company would have followed then hopefully the things must have been the other way round. First of all only one supply chain system provider must be hired for the software, as more than one supply chain systems for same job results in failure. Then provider’s implementation methodology is very important for client to follow in supply chain systems especially when they are modified to suit client’s requirement. More over supply chain systems are very complex as they have to track over numbers of product varieties so therefore it must be implemented in stages rather than executing it at once. And if the company is switching from one system to another then first the system should be tested in order to check whether it is fulfilling the company’s requirements or not. ?

miscarriages of justice Essays -- essays research papers

The statement "It is better that 10 guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer" summarises and highlights the mistakes and injustices in the criminal justice system. In a just society, the innocent would never be charged, nor convicted, and the guilty would always be caught and punished. Unfortunately, it seems this would be impossible to achieve due to the society in which we live. Therefore, miscarriages of justice occur in the criminal justice system more frequently than is publicised or known to the public at large. They are routine and would have to be considered as a serious problem in our society. The law is what most people respect and abide by, if society cannot trust the law that governs them, then there will be serious consequences including the possible breakdown of that society. In order to have a fair and just society, miscarriages of justice must not only become exceptional but ideally cease to occur altogether. A miscarriage of justice is basically "a failure to attain the desired end result of justice". In our society, every person should be treated equally and fairly as "our legal institutions are premised on the idea that our legal system is both neutral and impartial, and that all persons are equal in the eyes of the law". The country in which we were born, the language we speak, the colour of our skin and our gender should be of no relevance in deciding the outcome of justice. All these notions are part of "due process" and if this occurs in our society, why are there still miscarriages of justice? Our legal system is based on the fact that everyone deserves a fair hearing. In theory this is ideal, but due to human nature mistakes will always occur. The introduction of DNA into the courtroom ( which can free innocent people wrongfully convicted of a crime twenty years ago) and Anderson's view on allowing juries to ask questions and participate more in tria ls (by stating the evidence on which they base their convictions), on the surface appear beneficial to the outcome of justice, and in some cases this will be the result. However, justice will always be hindered by humans and their corrupt side. Unfortunately, this is part of human nature and even the people in high positions are not immune. When a person is accused of being "guilty", society must assume the person is innocen... ...ct that in less serious crimes the defendant will plead guilty in order to receive a better deal. The theories of Anderson, Hogg,Walker and Wilson are justified opinions and could be advantageous to the criminal justice system. However, even if these theories are implemented into our society, corruption will still always occur. Unfortunately, it is just part of human nature. It is futile to establish new methods of judgement without considering the fact that corruption occurs throughout all levels of society. Juries, police, and lawyers can all be persuaded and succumb to corruption if it suits their needs to do so. Likewise, DNA samples can be tampered with or plagued by human error. It is a vicious circle and until human beings change, miscarriages will continue to occur. Miscarriages of justice are definitely not exceptional and occur much more frequently than most people realise. They place a great burden on our society as a whole and cause injustices and hardships to many people. Just because we do not hear about them, does not mean they don't exist. As Walker states "s ince justice is applied by fallible, prejudiced human beings, miscarriages are inevitable".

British Imperialism in South East Asia

For along period, up to the late 20th century, many of the European nations had vast interest in many of the Asian and African countries. This made them to colonize these countries so as to get whatever they wanted. Almost all of the African and Asian countries became colonies of the western countries. The more a country was perceived to have got many resources, the higher the scramble for that country was. Britain is one of the countries that had majority colonies in both the African and the Asian continent. India happened to be just one of these colonies.The colonists come along with their way of doing things thus impacting on the natives' way of handling the same issues. In essence, most of the colonies wanted to see that they changed their colonies to behave in the manner that will be beneficial to them. In India, the British’s interest was experienced during the decline time of Mughal Empire (http://www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm para 8). It all started as me re commercial activities between the two nations. There was a breakup in the rule of the Mughal Empire which resulted to the rising of dispute among the princess.This was a great advantage to the British as they did step in to settle the dispute. In the process, the British Empire started gaining much influence (Martin, pp 213). During the first global war that was fought in Europe and North America for seven years, it saw the British and the French come into a big fight in which the British won. Many of the Indians were recruited in the well paying British army. In the end, it emerged that India became the key source for Britain’s raw material and a market for finished goods (Siegel & Kennedy pp 98). British Colonialism in IndiaWhen the British entered the Indian colony, they formed a society that was stratified having the Britons occupying the highest position in the society. In the Indian schools, it emerged that the language of communication was now English. Many scholars of the British rule in India have noted that despite the heavy presence of the Britons in India, their presence was insignificant. The British used the tactic of divide and rule very well, and more importantly the psychological indoctrination of the Indians who had undergone through the education system of the British.These were the people who became the model British subject. the British used the English-educated Indians to absorb values about what they wanted , and this played a significant role in helping the Britons loot most of what they wanted from India, in terms of physical wealth and labor (http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 1). According to the Britons plan, they wanted to have a person who was Indian in blood and color, but with an English taste, language and intellect. It meant therefore that the Britons had to decide on what the Indians were going to learn in schools and the mode of learning.For the British to succeed in its mission, they did set t he learned Indians against their fellows by proclaiming that they were following a very bad tradition, and it was only the British’s tradition that was good. These intellects were used to stress the negative impact of the Indians tradition. The Indians were made to believe that they were conservative people who lacked national concept or history. On the other hand, the British were considered as modern and scientific oriented. â€Å"With their unique organizational skills and energetic zeal, they would raise India from the morass of casteism and religious bigotry.These and other such ideas were repeatedly filled in the minds of the young Indians who received instruction in the British schools,†(http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 4). There was need to facilitate transport and communication between the colony and the colonials. Hence the colonials constructed the railway line to facilitate transportation of the troops, raw materials and finished good s. There was as well telegraph lines to ease communication. However, the Britons did not take any step to see that the Indians learnt the new technology (Webster pp 186).The Indian soldiers rebelled against the British in 1857 causing the British to tighten its rule against India (Martin, pp 213). the rebellion of the soldiers occurred when the British empire introduced new cartridges that required the soldiers to tear them apart using their teeth. The cartridges were lubricated using animal fat, and this offended especially the Muslims whom their religion did not allow them to use pork or its products, while the Hindus were against the use of cattle fat for greasing.The rebellion was put down in 1858, but already several of the Britons had been killed; males, females and children. There were establishment of schools and universities by the Americans and the Britons in India that provided an education system that advocated for a strong nationalist sentiment. â€Å"In 1885, they fou nded the Indian National Congress, which promoted a greater role for Indians in their country's government. The new organization also sought harmony among Indians of diverse religion and social groups†, (Martin pp 213).There are many other influences in the Indian cultures that can be directly linked to the British rule in India. For instance, the Indians were not known for using surnames. However, with the coming and the ruling of the Britons, the Indians adopted the use of surnames. As Kolhatkar argues, â€Å"Surnames were not in use in India in ancient times and almost till the end of the first millennium CE. Thousands of names are known from Sanskrit/Prakrit texts, rock-cut inscriptions, copper plates, coins etc. They are almost always single names†, (para 3).However, it is now an occasion that in India, you come across the name of the child alongside that of the parent. The use of the surname became as a mark of respect for the parent. It is because of the British rule that the use of the surname became advent. It could be argued that these was because of the fact that the Britons wanted to make the work of administration much easier by having a system that was â€Å"more clarity in identifying individuals and the facility of documentation and reading created by the widening use of the printing press.Thus came into being the current method of the individual's name, father's name and the surname,†(Kolhatkar para 6). Therefore, looking at the influence Britain had in India, it can be concluded that it is true to note that these influences spilled all over the world especially the other Britain’s colonies. The use of surname, the British system of education, trade and language are all over the world. Reference: Kolhatkar, A. Indian surnames and the British influence, 29 Jul 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://archiver. rootsweb. ancestry. com/th/read/INDIA/2004-07/1091137759Martin, P. Five Steps To A 5, ISBN: 0071437142; M cGraw-Hill Professional, 2004 History of India, 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 http://www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm Siegel J & Kennedy P. Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia, ISBN: 1850433712; I. B. Tauris, 2002 SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY; History of British Rule and Colonization in India, 2001 Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm Webster A. Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770-1890, ISBN: 1860641717; I. B. Tauris, 1998

Different Worlds, Same Stories Essay

Cultural Diversity: Different Worlds; Same Stories America is a vast, multicultural land, with many different people and many different ways. But still, we tend to categorize whether something is abnormal or not based on certain cultural standards, i. e. , â€Å"ethnocentrism†. This makes for a large gap in understanding cultures such as that of the Trobrian, a unique tribe living on the island of Kiriwiai. One might be surprised to find that while our two cultures have differences, we also share similarities. We both enjoy our own language, celebrations, religion, politics, etc.. We do, however, go about these customs and social observances in a very different manner. A trait that exists in all cultures in sociology is referred to as a â€Å"cultural universal†. There are many examples of cultural universals throughout the world. For example, all cultures have some form of government. However, while Americans are ruled via a democratic republic based on 3 branches of their government, the Trobrian people are governed based on a paramount chief system. The two cultures both have a system of politics, but they also have a different way of going about it. This difference illustrates what is known as â€Å"cultural particulars†. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. The reason for cultural relativism is because of the lack of understanding of cultural particulars. The people of Trobrian are very different from Americans. Their money is in skirts and banana leaves. They roam around half-naked. Their inheritance goes through their mother, and they celebrate things such as harvests and funerals (This celebration is called a â€Å"sigalli†). But the most interesting thing about the Trobrian people is that their power is based on what they can give, not what they can take. Americans would think upon hearing this, that they are an extremely un-advanced, savage people. But that is far from the truth. They recently have adapted fundamentalism and are beginning to question their money source, showing possibilities for advancement. As an American, I feel that it would be unsatisfactory to live with a people such as with the Trobrians, but that is only because of the way I grew up and my own culture. In some ways it makes them stronger; in some ways it makes them weaker. But we should never look down on another people because of the way their culture molded them. We should all have open minds and respect for diversity. People can judge very quickly, but it takes time to understand how a culture truly operates. Ethnocentrism, cultural universals, cultural particulars, and cultural relativism are all basically just fancy ways of saying we are alike in some ways, we are not alike in others, and that we should not judge others based on our own cultural norms.

Problem Solving Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Motivation

Problem Solving Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Motivation Problem Solving PROBLEN SOLVING and DECISION MAKING Making a choice between a specific behavior that I would change would be a rather easy decision. The first behavior that I will seriously work on is procrastination. This behavior falls under the managerial skills of problem solving and decision making. Procrastination is a habit of needlessly putting off relevant activities until another day or time. Procrastination is a behavior that I really need to change. I am the type of person who will wait to the last minute to do everything. For example, when I was trying to register for National Louis University, I waited one week before the course start date to begin preparing for enrollment. Why do I do this? I really dont know. It could be a combination of time management, difficulty concentrating, fear and anxiety or negative beliefs. It is important that I change this behavior because it can lead to inconvenience and feeling out of control, or feelings of depression and/or frustration. During the In-Basket assessment exercise procrastination played a big part in why I did so poorly. I literally sat at my desk staring into space as though I were daydreaming. I think this happened because I was put into a situation that I was unfamiliar with and had a time schedule, which had to be met. When I had a visit with my assessor, Mary Ann, the first thing she asked me was if I was a procrastinator. She was able to recognize this from the In Basket exercise. Mary Ann pointed out several areas that I need to work on. The first was my fear of failing. This is true because I have always been the type of person who wants to do my best in everything. The second was time management, which was obvious since I didnt complete the exercise in the required time. My classmates also brought up this point. If I had scanned the memorandums instead of trying to read all of them, I would have completed the exercise and managed my time more effectively. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, I am categorized as type ISTJ, which is a quintessential dependable, responsible type. Accountability, productivity, and the bottom line drive me. This specific behavior falls under the Sensor category. This answers a lot of questions about why I am a procrastinator. I like to focus on the present and not the future. What I mean by this is that if a task has a suspense date for tomorrow, I will not work on it until tomorrow. I will not work on something that has a future suspense date even if I have nothing else pending. Now that I know that I am a procrastinator, I will take the following steps to change this behavior: 1) Reinforce the desire with action - force myself to act even when I am afraid to act. 2) Seize the moment - follow thoughts with action. 3) Express myself - be confident and never put emotions or ideas on hold even though they may be strictly monitored. 4) Do it today - never put off until tomorrow what I can do today. 5) Time Management - discipline myself to use time wisely. By doing these five things I can overcome this behavior and be a very effective business manager. Bibliography none

How to Write a 1000 Word Essay

How to Write a 1000 Word Essay How to Write a 1000 Word Essay 1000 words? Really? How is it even possible? But it isn`t a tough question at all if you know exactly how to write such long essays. An essay is a thing of imagination and tedious work. You will easily achieve desired academic writing success if you have an understanding of the conventions of effective 1000-word essay writing. Just take a look at the common steps involved in successful top essay writing. Take Advantage of Effective Time Management Strategies A 1000-word essay is not something you will cope with in a matter of hours. So, it is essential to manage your time wisely and start writing as early as possible. Determine the time frames for topic analysis, planning, research and writing the first draft. Save enough time for proofreading and editing, formatting your essay in accordance with your university`s guidelines and reading it out loud. Choose a Topic to Write On Ask yourself a question – â€Å"What interests you most?†. Your essay will be bound to succeed if you are going to write on the subject that you are passionate about. Consider things you already know and check whether there are enough recourses on your topic. Make sure you understand your question fully. Generate as Many Ideas as You Can Now it is time to jot down your preliminary ideas that is to brainstorm. You should learn how to do it effectively. The most important thing is not to be scared of the brainstorming process. It is a great way to build a foundation of your paper. There is a plenty of brainstorming techniques that will help you make the writing process more enjoyable – listing, bulleting, cubing, webbing, mapping, clustering and outlining. Just be open-minded to the new thoughts. Start Researching Your Topic At this stage, you should apply all your research skills to explore your topic carefully. Explore encyclopedia, bibliographies, search journal indexes and electronic resources. Remember that internet searching is not always effective because not all publications are put online. Do not forget to take full bibliographic details of everything you read. Read critically and organize your notes in a neat way. Give a Pattern to Your 1000-Word Essay Introduction – approximately 100-200 words An effective and engaging introduction should introduce your topic and make your audience interested in it. It should include opening statements and a thesis statement. The introduction should be like a map for your readers – it should clearly show what your essay is about. Body paragraphs – approximately 800 words Each paragraph of the body of your essay should contain a topic sentence and reveal only one idea. You have to provide supporting evidence for every idea by giving examples, details, quotations, and facts. All sentences should be logically ordered. The main points of your essay should be smoothly and logically developed. Don`t forget to use different types of transitions (addition, comparison, emphasis, contrast, concession, clarification, restatement, concluding, summarizing) in order to show the connection between your ideas. Conclusion – approximately 100-200 words The first thing you should do when writing a conclusion is to restate your thesis statement. You can also explore the significance of your findings or any limitations of the approach you`ve taken. End your essay on a well-reasoned note. Don`t Neglect Editing and Proofreading First of all, edit for structure and argument. Make sure that your introduction gives your readers a clear understanding of your topic. Check whether all your paragraphs contribute to the main idea of your paper. Then edit for expression, grammar, and spelling. All sentences should be clear, concise and complete. They shouldn`t include any ambiguities. The sentence structure and vocabulary should be varied. Make sure that your essay is free from clichà ©s, jargon, slang, and colloquialisms. Correct all possible errors in typography, spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style.

ASSIGNMENT USING ESSAY MAP Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

USING ESSAY MAP - Assignment Example Social issues, Social disorganization is by far very real in many countries in our society today. Neighborhoods that are socially disorganized are often characterized with high drop-out rate from centers of education; children from this type of society have low chances of joining colleges and universities and are also characterized with high abuse of drugs and alcohol. When it comes to vacation, what comes to most people minds are tropical beach vacation. Tropical beach vacation is by far now the most popular type of vacation, as many people love the whole fun that comes with visiting many of the coastal features and the side of huge amount of water. Majority of the rich also loves to unwind from the busy job routines by taking a vacation with the family as a way of relaxing, and many of them prefer the site seeing outing of the tropical beaches. Vacation is way all a matter of having fun and relaxing, thus despite the different types that individuals rate as the best, the important thing is to what extent it comes with the goal of having fun and

History of Art Art in the age of mass media Essay

History of Art Art in the age of mass media - Essay Example Some of the commonly used cultural forms are web sites, multimedia, databases, computer games and animations and to a lesser extent, virtual reality. In today's culture of information and media, there is permanence and crumbling of both old and new media. New media exists due to the foundation laid by the old media and its language. But there are instances where new media is coming on its own and breaking from its roots. The distinctive feature about new media is its capacity to create a virtual world of information that, in the case of the internet, exists in servers worldwide but visualized at a computer workstation at any corner. This illusion of reality that is organized and structured has transformed human experience. In the culture of the information society, computerization has led to developments of new forms. Old media such photography and cinema have in some ways reinvented themselves and converged into new media. The computer revolution has considerably enhanced the scope of visual culture and new avenues of expression have opened up to artists. Bolter and Grusin offer an alternate way of thinking about the new media. They present the idea of remediation and define it as "the formal logic by which technologies refashion prior media forms" (Bolter and Grusin 2000 p.273). Modern society which is increasingly turning its interests towards various entertainment and information media has fallen into preoccupations that Bolter and Grusin term as "immediacy" and "hypermediacy" which are the two strategies of remediation. Immediacy is a style of visual presentation which aims at making the viewer unaware of the presence of the medium e.g. photographic film, cinema, artist canvas, TV sports events etc. Immediacy attempts to give the appearance that the media doesn't exist. For example, anything shown "live" would fall under the immediacy category. Live sports events, live or breaking news, live car chases on TV are preoccupations that the general public appear to be interested in. Most of these visual presentations focus on the action taking place. There is no effort in creating a visual masterpiece or making it look artistic, instead, immediacy tries to flow along with the on going event. The emphasis is on the raw action and not on other characteristics of the event such as statistics, replays and in-depth analysis. Immediacy tries to create an intimate link between the event and the viewer by covering the event as smoothly as possible without interrupting the flow or introducing distractions. There is an effort to engage the viewer more directly with the event and make him or her feel as if they are there watching from the stands. Hypermediacy is contrary but closely related to immediacy and involves the use of event statistics, replays from every angle and in-depth analysis to study the event and allow the viewer to gain a better understanding of it. Multiple forms of media e.g., text, graphs, animation, film are involved in hypermediacy. It can be observed that hypermediacy is a pre-occupation the media and viewers are able to engage in after the live event. For example, a live football match which falls under the immediacy term can be scrutinized ball by ball and statistical analysis studied once the game has ended or during the half time period. Hypermediacy allows the viewer to gain a wider knowledge of various aspects of the game's details whereas

Mobile Phones Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile Phones Development - Essay Example Contrary to digital standards, in 1G, the voice is merely modulated to frequency equal to or above 150 MHz (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 36, 2000). Following 1G was 2G or second generation, which was more efficient than 1G in three important ways. First, as mentioned before, 2G worked on digital signals rather than analog signals. Second, the 2G system s were far more effective then analog in that they allowed for way higher levels of penetration. Finally and most importantly, 2G brought with it, data service beginning from SMS messaging. Next comes the third generation or 3G, which refers to standards specified by ‘International Mobile Telecommunications’' (Hamill & Lasen, 41, 2008). This evolved version offers services like wide-area wireless, mobile internet, video calls, and mobile TV. According to IMT conditions, 3G system provides minimum 200 Kbits/s data rate (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 36, 2000). Current rel eases of this generation of mobile phones provide broadband access to other accessories like laptop and smart phones. A study of this progressive change in the industry reveals that a new generation of mobile phone appears every ten years. Each generations brings with it new bands of frequency, faster data rates and irrevocable transmission technology. Currently, WiMAX is considered the 4G or fourth generation of the mobile phone industry (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). This newest update promises IP based mobile broadband to laptops and smart phones, gaming and streamed multimedia. â€Å"Mobile phones have undoubtedly revolutionized the communication industry in every possible way† (Hamill & Lasen, 41, 2008). Gone are the days when people would wait endlessly for someone to return to their homes to talk to them. Mobile phones today bring everyone together, connecting everyone to the virtual world of information, day in and day out. One way mobile phones have affected telecommu nications is that no one now uses telephones. Although marketing research analysts do not agree that rapid growth in mobile industry will result in collapse of landline usage, there is a little reason to believe otherwise. One reason for disagreeing is the expanding growth of VoIP, Skype, and Google voice over the past few years. For instance, Australia witnesses the growth in VoIP market by 3% a month (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). VoIP attracts this large number of market because of the same service of conventional landlines offered at reduced costs. Many people argue that connection of phone to internet is not smart enough since call drops every time the connection fails. However, the modern fiber-optic internet provides more than 95% efficiency, which makes the connection quality equal to that offered by traditional landlines (Harper & Buress, 119, 2008). The increase in drop of landline usage has an important implication. Since there is no one centralized directory for mobile ph one numbers, the risk of harassing-on-phone and violation of privacy increases. This also comes down as a bane for telemarketers who now find it difficult to get through o potential customers since the caller ID’s are available in most cell phones. Another way in which mobile phones has affected communication industry is through its ability to bring everything together under one roof. Mobile phones are a blend of TV, laptop, tape recorder, IPod, camera, video recorder (Horst & Miller, 30, 2006). Instead of carrying all these gadgets separately, all one needs

Occlusion and Occlusal Indicating Materials

Occlusion and Occlusal Indicating Materials Abstract In dentistry it is important for us to understand occlusion and errors produced during recording it. Over the years many occlusion testing materials have been used. The correct occlusion posses as much a challenge for dentist and technician. High spots measuring just a few microns can cause dysfunctions like temporo-mandibular pain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the various occlusal indicator materials and make us well aware of different advantages and disadvantages of each that will help us to chose the occlusal indicating material. Key words: occlusion, occlusal indicator material, occlusal interference, occlusal contact Introduction: The alignment and occlusion of the dentition are extremely important for mastication. as per JPO occlusion is the static relationship of the teeth and is basic to all aspects of dentistry. The activities of chewing, swallowing and speaking greatly depend not only on their intra arch position but also on the inter arch tooth position.1 FIG-1 Occlusal contacts are subjected to constant change. tooth restoration, extraction and prosthetic care always change the occlusal proportions. An occlusal interference of only few microns can trigger severe dysfunction. In order to avoid any unpleasant sensation, leading to temporomandibular joint pain and myalgia various materials and methods have been used to detect occlusal interferences. Achieving occlusal markings over some restorations such as gold, metal alloys and ceramics and on moist occlusal surfaces has been a difficult task.2 Classification of tooth-contact patterns The tooth contact patterns were classified into four groups as follows:2 Cuspid protected occlusion.3 Canine guidance can be used successfully in complete denture treatment as it provides better mandibular denture retention, esthetic appearance, and chewing ability. Group function occlusion:4 Group function as multiple contact relations between maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements on the working side whereby simultaneous contact of several teeth acts as a group to distribute occlusal forces. The group function of the teeth on working side distributes the occlusal load. The obvious advantage is maintenance of the occlusion. The group function philosophy appears to be one of the physiologic wear. Several authors have suggested that occlusal wear is a natural, beneficial and inevitable in a well‑developed occlusion.Group function of working side is indicated whenever the arch relationship does not allow the anterior guidance to do its job of disoccluding the nonfunctioning side. 3. Full balanced occlusion:5 balanced occlusion comprises realization of tooth contacts at theworking side as well as at the balancing side, at the same time.The aim of this study was to assess the influence of balanced occlusal arrangement of artificial teeth on the decrease in re-duction of edentulous alveolar ridge. Balanced occlusion is a favored occlusal design in setting of artificial teeth in conventional complete dentureswhich preserves edentulous ridge and influence the stability of dentures. Influence of balanced occlusion in complete dentures on the decrease in the reduction of an edentulous ridge. 5 There are 138 possible contacts in the dentitionwith normal occlusion. 90% of the total units actually make exact contact in dentitions with normal occlusion.2 Methods of evaluationg occlusal relationship2 Methods of evaluationg occlusal relationship can be of two types:- 1) Qualitative methods 2) Quantitative methods Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used for the evaluation of occlusion. In the qualitative method, only the localization of the occlusal contact points can be determined; the sequence or density of the contacts cannot be evaluated. With the quantitative method of evaluating occlusal relationships, the sequence and density of the contacts can be differentiated. Materials used as occlusal indicator: Various materials used as an occlusal indicator are as follows:2 FIG- 2 T-Scan, Pressure Sensitive Films, Alginate Impression Material Transparent acetate sheets, Black Silicone,Mylar paper strip,c Polyether rubber impression bites,Wax Articulation Paper,Occlusal Sprays Photo occlusion, Foils ,Occlusal Sonography Mylar Paper / Shimstock films6,7 The shim stock was positioned over the tooth evaluated. When the participants close in Intercuspal Position, teeth holding the shimstock were considered to have occlusal contact with their antagonists. Anderson et al. 6reported on the reliability of dentists’ ability to evaluate occlusal contacts in the intercuspal position. Shim stock and an articulating film were compared in the evaluation of occlusal contacts of 337 antagonist occlusal pairs in 24 young adults by two examiners. Shim stock displayed better reliability than articulating film and appeared suitable for clinical measurement of occlusal contacts in intercuspal position.6,7. Polyether occlusal indicator 8 Durbin and Sadowsky described a silicone impression material method for examining occlusal contact patterns. The locations of the contacts were then transferred to study models Alginate Impression Material 9 Number and location of perforations were registered as occlusal tooth contacts for each subject. The observed perforations were analyzed according to the frequency of occlusal contacts. Most subjects had asymmetric distribution in number and location of occlusal contacts Transparent Acetate Sheet10 It is based on occlusal sketch technique that aimed to provide a simple and reliable means of recording and transferring information about the location of marked occlusal contacts. The authors marked static occlusal contacts of 20 sets of models were recorded in a pseudo-clinical situation, by three dentists and in addition by one dentist on two occasions using a schematic representation of the dental arch the occlusal sketch. As per Daves et al the occlusal sketch is a simple, inexpensive and easy way of recording the results of an occlusal examination using marking papers. Articulating paper:11 Articulating papers are used to detect high spots, the width, thickness and dye type of the articulating paper helps it to leave a mark . The color coating of many articulating papers consists of waxes, oils and pigments, a hydrophobic mixture which repels saliva. High spots can be detected easily as dark marks and contacts as light marks. The disadvantages of articulating papers have been that they can be affected by saliva, are thick and have a relatively inflexible base material; all of these factors contribute to greater number of pseudo contact markings . In the in vitro part of the study, a test model (mounted in an articulator and in a universal testing machine) was established with the use of maxillary and mandibular dentate casts. Articulating papers, foils, silk strips, and the T-Scan system were used to examine the loss of sensitivity of the recording materials after 3 consecutive strokes. The differences in the contact points of the test model determined by each of the re cording materials were evaluated both in the articulator and in a universal testing machine. Authors concluded that multiple use of the recording materials tested may lead to inaccurate occlusal analysis results. It is recommended that the recording materials be used only once and that the teeth be dry during occlusal analysis. Foil12 Foils are the thinnest indicator materials. Their marking capacity is less evident under reduced pressure and on glossy surfaces,Thus greater pressure must be applied for application of foils . Authors studied the recording patterns of four foils, six paper materials, and four silk qualities at different pressures and surface morphologies. They concluded that Foils are the thinnest indicator materials and give more accurate readings than paper and silk. However, under smaller loads their marking capacity is worse. This means that higher pressures must be applied for the clinical use of foils. The drawbacks of the more intensively marking papers and silk are their greater thickness and less flexible base material. This leads to a greater number of pseudo contact markings.12 Wax13 As per authors articulating papers, particularly plastic strips and waxes, are the most commonly used materials. Occlusal contacts can be recorded by placing the wax on the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary posterior teeth and patient closing into maximum intercuspation. The wax occlusal records was examined in front of a light screen. disadvantages are inaccuracy and problems of manipulation Occlusal Sprays2 It can be challenging to mark an occlusal contact on glazed ceramic restorations. Untreated articulating paper does not leave a mark, necessitating the need for an alternate technique. Articulating ink ribbons leave smudge marks and inaccurate readings. Articulating sprays are easier alternative in these cases . They are easy to administer (Arti-Spray, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA) and leaves a thin colored film which can easily be removed with water, leaving no residues. They are applied at a distance of 3-5 cm onto the occlusal surface. When testing occlusion all contact points will be immediately visible. These are available in colors: red, blue, green and white. Photo-Occlusion14 In this system, a thin photoplastic film layer is applied on the occlusal surface of the teeth; the patient then is asked to occlude on the film layer. The film layer is removed from the mouthand inspected under a polariscope light. . The results were transferred to a graphic occlusal scheme. Authors designed the study to test clinically the reproducibility of techniques by comparing two consecutive occlusal records and records made at 1-month intervals and to test the reproducibility of a color-marking technique under the same conditions, and to compare the location of occlusal contacts as registered by these two techniques. Occlusion Sonography15 It detects tooth contact by the sounds generated during mouth closure . The relationship between graphic records of sounds of occlusion and the types of tooth contact which produced them was investigated by the authors by filming various types of occlusal contacts with a Fastax rotating prism camera at approximately 1,000 frames per second.the sliging of the teeth over each other was seen on the flims as low amplitude vibrations and the tooth impacts as high amplitude one. T-Scan16 The T-Scan instrument was designed to examine and record occlusal contacts by computer analysis of information from a pressuresensitive film. The T-Scan system digitally record both the location and timing of tooth contacts. The tooth contact information is presented by demonstrating moments of time in the sagittal axis and transverse axis of the occlusal plane. Electrical resistance develops with the applied force. When the patient occludes on the sensor, the particles come together in the force applied areas, diminishing the electrical resistance. T Scan system demonstrates sufficient sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic tool and reliability in intra oral conditions with presence of saliva. It provides registration of dynamic occlusal information.16 Pressure Sensitive Films:17 This device records the location and force of occlusal contacts with the force sensitive film. An occlusal diagnostic system dental prescale system, Fuji photo film ,Tokyo has recently been developed in japan. This system uses improved pressure sensitive sheets and a computer for analysis to make simple measurements of occlusal contact areas and occlusal pressures Occlusion and periodontal health: Occlusion has a major relation to the periodontal health of the teeth in oral cavity. A traumatic occlusion on a healthy periodontium causes increased mobility of the tooth,occurrence of gingival recession ,in implants there is breakdown of osseointegration. If a tooth do not its antagonist then there is functional atrophy of periodontal ligament. Conclusion Every occlusal indicator material has its own advantages and disadvantages. The decision about the use of all the materials depends upon the clinical situation, affordability, reliability and thorough knowledge about materials by the clinician